參考資料

終極增訂版序

  1. Tara Golshan, “Donald Trump Has Supported Hillary Clinton for Longer Than He’s Opposed Her,” Vox, August 16, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/8/16/12452806/trump-praise-hillary-clinton-history. back

前言

  1. “Adult Obesity Facts,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html. back
  2. “Obesity and Overweight,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight.htm. back
  3. 舉例來說，請見：OECD, “Obesity Update 2017” (2017), https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Obesity-Update-2017.pdf; Ben Tracy, “Battling American Samoa’s 75-percent Obesity Rate,” CBS News, July 7, 2013, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/battling-american-samoas-75-percent-obesity-rate/. back

第一章　偏見與謬誤

  1. Roger Shepard, Mind Sights: Original Visual Illusions, Ambiguities, and Other Anomalies, with a Commentary on the Play of Mind in Perception and Art (New York: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1990). back
  2. Fritz Strack, Leonard L. Martin, and Norbert Schwarz, “Priming and Communication: Social Determinants of Information Use in Judgments of Life Satisfaction,” European Journal of Social Psychology 18, no. 5 (1988): 429–42. back
  3. Kareem Haggag and Giovanni Paci, “Default Tips,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, no. 3 (2014): 1–19. back
  4. Paul Slovic, Howard Kunreuther, and Gilbert White, “Decision Processes, Rationality and Adjustment to Natural Hazards,” in Natural Hazards: Local, National and Global, ed. Gilbert White (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 187–205. back
  5. Howard Kunreuther et al., Disaster Insurance Protection: Public Policy Lessons (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978); see also Howard Kunreuther et al., “Flood Risk and the U.S. Housing Market” (working paper, Penn Institute for Urban Research and Wharton Risk Center, October 2018), https://riskcenter.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Flood_Risk_and_the_U.S_._Housing_Market_10-30_.pdf. back
  6. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Extensional Versus Intuitive Reasoning: The Conjunction Fallacy in Probability Judgment,” Psychological Review 90, no. 4 (1983) 293–315. back
  7. Stephen Jay Gould, “The Streak of Streaks,” New York Review, August 18, 1988, https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1988/08/18/the-streak-of-streaks. back
  8. Paul C. Price, “Are You as Good a Teacher as You Think?” Thought & Action, Fall 2006, http://ftp.arizonaea.org/assets/img/PubThoughtAndAction/TAA_06_02.pdf. back
  9. Heather Mahar, “Why Are There So Few Prenuptial Agreements?” (John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics, and Business discussion paper no. 436, September 2003), http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/papers/pdf/436.pdf. back
  10. Arnold C. Cooper, Carolyn Y. Woo, and William C. Dunkelberg, “Entrepreneurs’ Perceived Chances for Success,” Journal of Business Venturing 3, no. 2 (1988): 97–108. back
  11. 關於本段落中關鍵研究的參考資料，請見：Cass R. Sunstein, Christine M. Jolls, and Richard H. Thaler, “A Behavioral Approach to Law and Economics,” Stanford Law Review 50, no. 5 (1998): 1471–550. back
  12. Daniel Kahneman, Jack L. Knetsch, and Richard H. Thaler, “Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 1 (1991): 193–206. back
  13. Tatiana A. Homonoff, “Can Small Incentives Have Large Effects? The Impact of Taxes Versus Bonuses on Disposable Bag Use,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 10, no. 4 (2018): 177–210. back
  14. William Samuelson and Richard Zeckhauser, “Status Quo Bias in Decision Making,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 1, no. 1 (1988); 7–59. back
  15. Samuelson and Zeckhauser, “Status Quo Bias in Decision Making.” back
  16. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice,” Science 211, no. 4481 (1981): 453–8. back
  17. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013). back
  18. Philip Lieberman, Human Language and Our Reptilian Brain (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002); Joseph LeDoux, “The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amygdala,” Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 23, no. 4–5 (2003): 727–38. back
  19. Drew Westen, The Political Brain (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007). back
  20. Alexander Todorov, Anesu N. Mandisodza, Amir Goren, and Crystal C. Hall, “Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes,” Science 308, no. 5728 (2005): 1623– 6; Daniel Benjamin and Jesse Shapiro, “Thin- Slice Forecasts of Gubernatorial Elections,” Review of Economics and Statistics 91, no. 3 (2009): 523–36. back
  21. Shane Frederick, “Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 4 (2005): 25–42. back

第二章　抗拒誘惑

  1. 請見：Colin F. Camerer, “Neuroeconomics: Using Neuroscience to Make Economic Predictions,” Economic Journal 117, no. 519 (2007): 26; Samuel M. McClure et al., “Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks,” Neuron 44, no. 2 (2004): 379–87. back
  2. Nina Semczuk, “Should You Open a Christmas Account?” SmartAsset, https://smartasset.com/checking-account/christmas-club-accounts. back
  3. 可於此觀看這段知名的對談：http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t96LNX6 tk0U. back
  4. Richard H. Thaler and Eric J. Johnson, “Gambling with the House Money and Trying to Break Even: The Effects of Prior Outcomes on Risky Choice,” Management Science 36, no. 6 (1990): 643–60. back

第三章　從眾心理

  1. Chad R. Mortensen et al., “Trending Norms: A Lever for Encouraging Behaviors Performed by the Minority,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 2 (2019): 201–10. back
  2. George A. Akerlof, Janet L. Yellen, and Michael L. Katz, “An Analysis of OutofWedlock Childbearing in the United States,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 111, no. 2 (1996): 277–317. back
  3. Harold H. Gardner, Nathan L. Kleinman, and Richard J. Butler, “Workers’ Compensation and Family and Medical Leave Act Claim Contagion,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 20, no. 1 (2000): 89–112. back
  4. Robert Kennedy, “Strategy Fads and Strategic Positioning: An Empirical Test for Herd Behavior in Prime- Time Television Programming,” Journal of Industrial Economics 50 (2002): 57–84. back
  5. 舉例來說，請見：Bruce L. Sacerdote, “Peer Effects with Random Assignment: Results for Dartmouth Roommates,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, no. 2 (2001): 681–704; David J. Zimmerman, “Peer Effects in Academic Outcomes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment,” Review of Economics and Statistics 85, no. 1 (2003): 9–23; Nirav Mehta, Ralph Stinebrickner, and Todd Stinebrickner, “Time-Use and Academic Peer Effects in College,” Economic Inquiry 57, no. 1 (2019): 162–71. back
  6. 請見：Akerlof, Yellen, and Katz, “An Analysis of Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in the United States” (teenage pregnancy); Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler, “The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine 357, no. 4 (2007): 370–9 (obesity); Sacerdote, “Peer Effects with Random Assignment” (college roommate assignment); and Cass R. Sunstein et al., Are Judges Political? An Empirical Analysis of the Federal Judiciary (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2006) (judicial voting patterns). back
  7. Solomon E. Asch, “Studies of Independence and Conformity: I. A Minority of One Against a Unanimous Majority,” Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 70, no. 9 (1956): 1–70. back
  8. Rod Bond and Peter Smith, “Culture and Conformity: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Using Asch’s Line Judgment Task,” Psychological Bulletin 119 (1996): 111–37. 若是強調整體而言的文化差異，特別是在一致性方面，請見：Joseph Heinrich, The Weirdest People in the World (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2020), 198–204. back
  9. Micah Edelson et al., “Following the Crowd: Brain Substrates of Long- Term Memory Conformity,” Science 333, no. 6038 (2011): 108–11. back
  10. Cass R. Sunstein, Conformity: The Power of Social Influences (New York: New York University Press, 2019). back
  11. Muzafer Sherif, “An Experimental Approach to the Study of Attitudes,” Sociometry 1, no. 1/ 2 (1937): 90–8. back
  12. Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett, The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991): 29–30. back
  13. Robert C. Jacobs and Donald T. Campbell, “The Perpetuation of an Arbitrary Tradition Through Several Generations of a Laboratory Microculture,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1961): 649–58. back
  14. Lindsey C. Levitan and Brad Verhulst, “Conformity in Groups: The Effects of Others’ Views on Expressed Attitudes and Attitude Change,” Political Behavior 38, no. 2 (2015): 277– 315; Jing Chen et al., “ERP Correlates of Social Conformity in a Line Judgment,” BMC Neuroscience 13 (2012): 43; Charity Brown and Alexandre Schaefer, “The Effects of Conformity on Recognition Judgements for Emotional Stimuli,” Acta Psychologica 133, no. 1 (2010): 38–44. back
  15. H. Wesley Perkins, “Sober Lemmings,” New Republic, April 13, 2003, https://newrepublic.com/article/64811/sober-lemmings. back
  16. Matthew J. Salganik, Peter Sheridan Dodds, and Duncan J. Watts, “Experimental Study of Inequality and Unpredictability in an Artificial Cultural Market,” Science 311, no. 5762 (2006): 854–6. back
  17. Michael Macy et al., “Opinion Cascades and the Unpredictability of Partisan Polarization,” Science Advances 5, no. 8 (2019): eaax0754. back
  18. Linton Weeks, “The Windshield-Pitting Mystery of 1954,” National Public Radio, May 28, 2015, https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/05/28/410085713/the-windshield-pitting-mystery-of-1954. back
  19. Clarissa Simas et al., “HPV Vaccine Confidence and Cases of Mass Psychogenic Illness Following Immunization in Carmen De Bolivar, Colombia,” Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 15, no. 1 (2019): 163–6. back
  20. Katie Nodjimbadem, “The Trashy Beginnings of ‘Don’t Mess with Texas,’ ” Smithsonian Magazine, March 10, 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/trashy-beginnings-dont-mess-texas-180962490/. back
  21. Timur Kuran, “Ethnic Norms and Their Transformation Through Reputational Cascades,” Journal of Legal Studies 27, no. S2 (1998): 623–59. back
  22. Leonardo Bursztyn, Alessandra L. González, and David Yanagizawa- Drott, “Misperceived Social Norms: Women Working Outside the Home in Saudi Arabia,” American Economic Review 110, no 10 (2020): 2997–3029, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257%2Faer.20180975. back
  23. Stephen Coleman, The Minnesota Income Tax Compliance Experiment: State Tax Results (Munich Personal RePEc Archive, paper 4827, 1996). back
  24. Michael Hallsworth et al., “The Behavioralist as Tax Collector: Using Natural Field Experiments to Enhance Tax Compliance,” Journal of Public Economics 148 (2017): 14–31. back
  25. Noah J. Goldstein, Robert B. Cialdini, and Vladas Griskevicius, “A Room with a Viewpoint: Using Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in Hotels,” Journal of Consumer Research 35, no. 3 (2008): 472–82. back
  26. Josh Earnest, “President Obama Supports Same-Sex Marriage,” The White House President Obama (blog), May 10, 2012, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2012/05/10/obama-supports-same-sex-marriage. back
  27. Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct. 2071 (2015). back
  28. “Same-Sex Marriage Around the World,” Pew Research Center, October 28, 2019, https://www.pewforum.org/fact-sheet/gay-marriage-around-the-world/. back
  29. Adam Liptak, “Exhibit A for a Major Shift: Justices’ Gay Clerks,” New York Times, June 8, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/us/exhibit-a-for-a-major-shift-justices-gay-clerks.html. back
  30. Mortensen et al., “Trending Norms.” back

第四章　我們何時需要推力？

  1. Colin F. Camerer, Samuel Issacharoff, George Loewenstein, Ted O’Donoghue, and Matthew Rabin, “Regulation for Conservatives: Behavioral Economics and the Case for ‘Asymmetric Paternalism,’ ” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 151, no. 3 (2003): 1211–54. back
  2. Colin F. Camerer and Robin M. Hogarth, “The Effects of Financial Incentives in Experiments: A Review and Capital-Labor-Production Framework,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 19, no. 1 (1999): 7–42. back

第五章　選擇設計

  1. J. Ridley Stroop, “Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Relations,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 18 (1935): 643–6 2. back
  2. Kurt Lewin, Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers, ed. Dorwin Cartwright (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1951). back
  3. Howard Leventhal, Robert Singer, and Susan Jones, “Effects of Fear and Specificity of Recommendation upon Attitudes and Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2, no. 1 (1965): 20–9. back
  4. Joel Gunter, “The Greek Referendum Question Makes (Almost) No Sense,” BBC News, June 29, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33311422. back
  5. Zachary Brown et al., “Testing the Effects of Defaults on the Thermostat Settings of OECD Employees,” Energy Economics 39 (2013): 128–34. back
  6. Gabriel Carroll et al., “Optimal Defaults and Active Decisions,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124, no. 4 (2009): 1639–74. back
  7. Michael D. Byrne and Susan Bovair, “A Working Memory Model of a Common Procedural Error,” Cognitive Science 21, no. 1 (1997): 31–61. back
  8. Jeffrey B. Cooper et al., “Preventable Anesthesia Mishaps: A Study of Human Factors,” Anesthesiology 49, no. 6 (1978): 399–406. back
  9. Michael O. Schroeder, “Death by Prescription,” U.S. News & World Report, September 27, 2016, https://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2016-09-27/the-danger-in-taking-prescribed-medications. back
  10. John M. Jachimowicz et al., “Making Medications Stick: Improving Medication Adherence by Highlighting the Personal Health Costs of Non-Compliance,” Behavioural Public Policy (2019), 1–21. back
  11. “Gmail Will Now Remind You to Respond,” Google Workspace Updates, May 14, 2018, https://gsuiteupdates.googleblog.com/2018/05/gmail-remind-respond.html. back
  12. Steven B. Zeliadt et al., “Why Do Men Choose One Treatment over Another? A Review of Patient Decision Making for Localized Prostate Cancer,” Cancer 106, no. 9 (2006): 1865–74. back
  13. Samuli Reijula and Ralph Hertwig, “Self-Nudging and the Citizen Choice Architect,” Behavioural Public Policy (2020), 1–31. back
  14. Raj Chetty et al., “Active vs. Passive Decisions and Crowd-Out in Retirement Savings Accounts: Evidence from Denmark,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 3 (2014): 1141–219. back
  15. Whitney Afonso, “The Challenge of Transparency in Taxation,” Mercatus Center, https://www.mercatus.org/publications/government-spending/challenge-transparency-taxation. back
  16. “Governor Ronald Reagan Opposes Withholding of State Income Tax,” Seth Kaller Inc., https://www.sethkaller.com/item/1567-24387-Governor-Ronald-Reagan-Opposes-Withholding-of-State-Income-Tax. back

第六章　好康在後頭

  1. Maria Yagoda, “Singapore Hawker Stands with Michelin Stars,” Food & Wine, August 20, 2018, https://www.foodandwine.com/travel/singapore-hawker-stands-michelin-stars-where. back
  2. “Volunteer and Job Opportunities,” Mark Twain Boyhood Home and Museum, https://marktwainmuseum.org/volunteer-employment/. back
  3. “Speed Reduction Measures—Carrot or Stick?” ITS International, https://www.itsinternational.com/its2/feature/speed-reduction-measures-carrot-or-stick. back
  4. Richard H. Thaler, “Making Good Citizenship Fun,” New York Times, February 13, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/opinion/making-good-citizenship-fun.html. back
  5. Emily Haisley et al., “The Impact of Alternative Incentive Schemes on Completion of Health Risk Assessments,” American Journal of Health Promotion 26, no. 3 (2012): 184–8. back
  6. Thaler, “Making Good Citizenship Fun.” back

第七章　智慧揭露

  1. Edna Ullmann-Margalit, Normal Rationality: Decisions and Social Order, ed. Avishai Margalit and Cass R. Sunstein (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017). back
  2. Richard P. Larrick and Jack B. Soll, “The MPG Illusion,” Science 320, no. 5883 (2008): 1593–4. back
  3. Memorandum from Cass R. Sunstein, Administrator, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, “Informing Consumers Through Smart Disclosure,” to Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, September 8, 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/for-agencies/informing-consumers-through-smart-disclosure.pdf. back
  4. Sebastien Bradley and Naomi E. Feldman, “Hidden Baggage: Behavioral Responses to Changes in Airline Ticket Tax Disclosure,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 12, no. 4 (2020): 58–87. back
  5. “Food Allergies: What You Need to Know,” FDA, https://www.fda.gov/food/buy-store-serve-safe-food/food-allergies-what-you-need-know. back

第八章　＃淤泥

  1. Oxford Dictionary, s.v. “sludge,” accessed November 12, 2020, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sludge. back
  2. Cait Lamberton and Benjamin Castleman, “Nudging in a Sludge-Filled World,” Huffington Post, September 30, 2016, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nudging-in-a-sludgefilled_b_12087688?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMYs-ouJGASCdY_xY8PGX3Ni2BfUI9Zvr5dx8gDkgOle0hBZ3HlhYnpX6-lbZvflXt8CucilXVeGpfLFNN9DakYYw6vHYrbwOVhte7AoFVZTbm42GbvPjHxZjSo-sVwARNkU9hpCe4d0fptGvmevun9LW9Okl0MdgFRZrRS-hpAe. back
  3. Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17602(c); N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 527 (McKinney 2020). back
  4. Joshua Tasoff and Robert Letzler, “Everyone Believes in Redemption: Nudges and Overoptimism in Costly Task Completion,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 107 (2014): 107–22. back
  5. Xavier Gabaix and David Laibson, “Shrouded Attributes, Consumer Myopia, and Information Suppression in Competitive Markets,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 121, no. 2 (2006): 505–40. back
  6. David M. Cutler and Dan P. Ly, “The (Paper) Work of Medicine: Understanding International Medical Costs,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 25, no. 2 (2011): 3–25. back
  7. Reed Hastings and Erin Meyer, No Rules Rules (New York: Penguin Press, 2020). back
  8. Hastings and Meyer, No Rules Rules, 70. back
  9. Susan Dynarski et al., “Closing the Gap: The Effect of a Targeted, Tuition- Free Promise on College Choices of High-Achieving, Low-Income Students” (National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. 25349, 2018). back
  10. “Admissions Decisions,” University of Texas at Austin Office of Admissions, https://admissions.utexas.edu/apply/decisions. back
  11. Cass R. Sunstein, “Automatic Enrollment in College Helps Fight Inequality,” Bloomberg, June 19, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-06-19/college-automatic-enrollment-addresses-inequality. back
  12. Bart Jansen, “TSA Gets Boost in Funding, Including Testing 3D Scanners, Without Fee Hike Trump Proposed,” USA Today, March 21, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/03/21/tsa-spending-3-d-scanners/447410002/. back
  13. Christine Utz et al., “(Un)informed Consent: Studying GDPR Consent Notices in the Field,” in 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS ’19), November 11–15, 2019, London, UK (2019), https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.02638.pdf. back
  14. “1040 and 1040SR Instructions: Tax Year 2019,” Internal Revenue Service (2020), https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i1040gi.pdf; Demian Brady, “Tax Complexity 2016: The Increasing Compliance Burdens of the Tax Code,” National Taxpayers Union Foundation, https://perma.cc/BT3X-VHFY. back
  15. Glenn Kessler, “Claims About the Cost and Time It Takes to File Taxes,” Washington Post, April 15, 2013, https://perma.cc/C7FJ-L7LM; Brady, “Tax Complexity 2016.” 請注意：十三小時是對所有納稅人而言；對非商業申報者來說，則是八小時。這些是美國國稅局的估計，包括紀錄保存、稅務規劃和表格填寫。 back
  16. T. R. Reid, A Fine Mess (New York: Penguin Press, 2017). back
  17. Austan Goolsbee, “The Simple Return: Reducing America’s Tax Burden Through Return-Free Filing,” Brookings Institution, https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-simple-return-reducing-americas-tax-burden-through-return-free-filing/. back
  18. Scott Eastman, “How Many Taxpayers Itemize Under Current Law?” Tax Foundation, https://taxfoundation.org/standard-deduction-itemized-deductions-current-law-2019/. back
  19. John Paul Tasker, “Feds Promise Free, Automatic Tax Returns—A Change That Could Send Benefits to Thousands,” CBC, September 27, 2020, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/free-automatic-tax-returns-benefits-1.5739678. back
  20. “Earned Income Tax Credit Overview,” National Conference of State Legislatures, https://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/earned-income-tax-credits-for-working-families.aspx. back
  21. “Wealth Tax TL;DR,” Warren Democrats, https://elizabethwarren.com/wealth-gap. back
  22. Elizabeth Aubrey, “The World’s Last Remaining Blockbuster Store Still Open Despite Coronavirus Pandemic,” NME, May 14, 2020, https://www.nme.com/news/the-worlds-last-remaining-blockbuster-store-still-open-despite-coronavirus-pandemic-2668617. back

第九章 「明日存更多」計畫

  1. “Otto von Bismarck,” Social Security, https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html. back
  2. James Choi et al., “Defined Contribution Pensions: Plan Rules, Participant Choices, and the Path of Least Resistance,” Tax Policy and the Economy 16, no. 1 (2002): 67. back
  3. Richard H. Thaler, “Psychology and Savings Policies,” American Economic Review 84, no. 2 (1994): 186–92. back
  4. Sana Siwolop, “When Saving for Retirement Comes with the Job,” New York Times, May 18, 1997, https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/18/business/when-saving-for-retirement-comes-with-the-job.html. back
  5. 舉例來說，請見：IRS Revenue Ruling 98-30; IRS Revenue Ruling 2000-8; IRS Revenue Ruling 2000-35; IRS Revenue Ruling 2000-33; and IRS Announcement 2000-60. back
  6. Brigitte C. Madrian and Dennis F. Shea, “The Power of Suggestion: Inertia in 401(k) Participation and Savings Behavior,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, no. 4 (2001): 1149–87. back
  7. Jeffrey W. Clark and Jean A. Young, Automatic Enrollment: The Power of the Default (Valley Forge, PA: Vanguard Research, 2018). back
  8. Richard H. Thaler and Shlomo Benartzi, “Save More Tomorrow™: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving,” Journal of Political Economy 112, no. S1 (2004): S164. back
  9. U.S. Department of Labor Employee Benefits Security Administration, “Regulation Relating to Qualified Default Investment Alternatives in Participant-Directed Individual Account Plans,” https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/about-ebsa/our-activities/resource-center/fact-sheets/final-rule-qdia-in-participant-directed-account-plans.pdf. back
  10. Raj Chetty et al., “Active vs. Passive Decisions and Crowd-Out in Retirement Savings Accounts: Evidence from Denmark,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 3 (2014): 1141–219. back
  11. John Beshears et al., “Borrowing to Save? The Impact of Automatic Enrollment on Debt,” Journal of Finance (forthcoming), https://www.nber.org/papers/w25876. back
  12. 舉例來說，請見：“Americans Without a Retirement Plan, by State,” AARP, https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/advocacy/financial-security/info-2014/americans-without-retirement-plan.html. back
  13. Chris Arnold, “Why Is It So Hard to Save? U.K. Shows It Doesn’t Have to Be,” NPR, October 23, 2015, https://www.npr.org/2015/10/23/445337261/why-is-it-so-hard-to-save-u-k-shows-it-doesnt-have-to-be. back

第十章　推力恆久遠？也許在瑞典

  1. 關於要求自選的討論，請見：Gabriel Carroll et al., “Optimal Defaults and Active Decisions,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124, no. 4 (2009): 1639–74. back
  2. Kenneth R. French and James M. Poterba, “Investor Diversification and International Equity Markets,” American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 222–6. back
  3. Shlomo Benartzi, Richard H. Thaler, Stephen P. Utkus, and Cass R. Sunstein, “The Law and Economics of Company Stock in 401(k) Plans,” Journal of Law and Economics 50, no. 1 (2007): 45–79. back
  4. Henrik Cronqvist, “Advertising and Portfolio Choice” (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, 2006), https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.423.3760&rep=rep1&type=pdf. back
  5. Hunt Allcott and Todd Rogers, “The Short-Run and Long-Run Effects of Behavioral Interventions: Experimental Evidence from Energy Conservation,” American Economic Review 104, no. 10 (2014): 3003–37. back
  6. William Samuelson and Richard Zeckhauser, “Status Quo Bias in Decision Making,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 1, no. 1 (1988): 7–59. back
  7. Henrik Cronqvist, Richard H. Thaler, and Frank Yu, “When Nudges Are Forever: Inertia in the Swedish Premium Pension Plan,” AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (2018): 153–8. back
  8. Anders Anderson and David T. Robinson, “Who Feels the Nudge? Knowledge, Self- Awareness and Retirement Savings Decisions” (National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. 25061, 2018), https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/25061.html. back

第十一章　今日借更多：房貸和信用卡

  1. Kathleen Howley, “U.S. Mortgage Debt Hits a Record $15.8 Trillion,” HousingWire, January 9, 2020, https://www.housingwire.com/articles/u-s-mortgage-debt-hits-a-record-15-8-trillion/. back
  2. Xavier Gabaix and David Laibson, “Shrouded Attributes, Consumer Myopia, and Information Suppression in Competitive Markets,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 121, no. 2 (2006): 505–40. back
  3. Susan E. Woodward, A Study of Closing Costs for FHA Mortgages (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2008). back
  4. Hamilton Project, “An Opt-Out Home Mortgage System” (policy brief no. 2008-14, 2008), https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/legacy/files/downloads_and_links/An_Opt-Out_Home_Mortgage_System_Brief.pdf. back
  5. Fiona Scott Morton, Florian Zettelmeyer, and Jorge Silva- Risso, “Consumer Information and Discrimination: Does the Internet Affect the Pricing of New Cars to Women and Minorities?” Quantitative Marketing and Economics 1 (2003): 65–92. back
  6. Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, The Consumer Credit Card Market (2019), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_consumer-credit-card-market-report_2019.pdf. back
  7. Drazen Prelec and Duncan Simester, “Always Leave Home Without It: A Further Investigation of the Credit- Card Effect on Willingness to Pay,” Marketing Letters 12, no. 1 (2001): 5–12. back
  8. Sumit Agarwal et al., “Regulating Consumer Financial Products: Evidence from Credit Cards,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 1 (2015): 111–64. back
  9. Lauren E. Willis, “When Nudges Fail: Slippery Defaults,” University of Chicago Law Review 80 (2013): 1155. back
  10. John Gathergood et al., “How Do Individuals Repay Their Debt? The Balance- Matching Heuristic,” American Economic Review 109, no. 3 (2019): 844–75. back
  11. David B. Gross and Nicholas Souleles, “Do Liquidity Constraints and Interest Rates Matter for Consumer Behavior? Evidence from Credit Card Data,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117, no. 1 (2002): 149–85. back
  12. Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, The Consumer Credit Card Market, 51. back
  13. Tally, http://www.meettally.com/. back
  14. Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, The Consumer Credit Card Market, 68. back

第十二章　保險：保大不保小

  1. Solomon Huebner, “The Development and Present Status of Marine Insurance in the United States,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 26 (1905): 241–72. back
  2. James Read, “How the Great Fire of London Created Insurance,” Museum of London, https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/how-great-fire-london-created-insurance. back
  3. Justin Sydnor, “(Over)insuring Modest Risks,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 4 (2010): 177–99. back
  4. Saurabh Bhargava, George Loewenstein, and Justin Sydnor, “Choose to Lose: Health Plan Choices from a Menu with Dominated Option,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 132, no. 3 (2017): 1319–72. back
  5. Chenyuan Liu and Justin R. Sydnor, “Dominated Options in Health- Insurance Plans” (National Bureau of Econonic Research working paper no. 24392, 2018), https://www.nber.org/papers/w24392. back
  6. “Health Insurance Deductible: How It Works,” CZ, https://www.cz.nl/en/health-insurance/deductible. back
  7. Benjamin R. Handel et al., “The Social Determinants of Choice Quality: Evidence from Health Insurance in the Netherlands” (National Bureau of Econonic Research working paper no. 27785, 2020), https://www.nber.org/papers/w27785. back
  8. Handel et al., “The Social Determinants of Choice Quality.” back
  9. Katherine Baicker, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Joshua Schwartzstein, “Behavioral Hazard in Health Insurance” (National Bureau of Econonic Research working paper no. 18468, 2012), https://www.nber.org/papers/w18468. back
  10. Niteesh K. Choudhry et al., “Full Coverage for Preventive Medications After Myocardial Infarction,” New England Journal of Medicine 365 no. 22 (2011): 2088–97. back
  11. Amitabh Chandra, Evan Flack and Ziad Obermeyer, “The Health Costs of Cost-Sharing,” (National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. 28439), https://www.nber.org/papers/w28439. back

第十三章　器官捐贈：預設選項不是萬靈丹

  1. Eric J. Johnson and Daniel G. Goldstein, “Defaults and Donation Decisions,” Transplantation 78, no. 12 (2004): 1713–6. back
  2. “National Data: Transplants by Donor Type (January 1, 1988–July 31, 2020),” Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view-data-reports/national-data/#. back
  3. “National Data: Overall by Organ, Current U.S. Waiting List,” Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view-data-reports/national-data/#. back
  4. “Organ Donation Statistics,” Health Resources and Services Administration, https://www.organdonor.gov/statistics-stories/statistics.html. back
  5. Ali Seifi, John V. Lacci, and Daniel Godoy, “Incidence of Brain Death in the United States,” Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 195 (2020): 105885. back
  6. Alvin E. Roth, Tayfun Sönmez, and M. Utku Ünverd, “Pairwise Kidney Exchange,” Journal of Economic Theory 125, no. (2005): 151–88; see also Scott Simon, “Opinion: Kidney Transplant Chain Is a Touching Act of Kindness,” National Public Radio, October 31, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/10/31/929802669/opinion-kidney-transplant-chain-is-a-touching-act-of-kindness. back
  7. Gary S. Becker and Julio Jorge Elías, “Introducing Incentives in the Market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 3 (2007): 3–24. back
  8. Janet Radcliffe Richards, The Ethics of Transplants (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). back
  9. Shashank Bengali and Ramin Mostaghim, “ ‘Kidney for Sale’: Iran Has a Legal Market for the Organs, but the System Doesn’t Always Work,” Los Angeles Times, October 15, 2017, https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-iran-kidney-20171015-story.html. back
  10. Alvin E. Roth, “Repugnance as a Constraint on Markets,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 3 (2007): 37–58. back
  11. “Organ Donation Statistics,” Health Resources and Services Administration, https://www.organdonor.gov/statistics-stories/statistics.html#:~:text=One%20Donor%20Can%20Save%20Eight,up%20to%208%20lifesaving%20organs. back
  12. James F. Childress and Catharyn T. Liverman, eds., Organ Donation: Opportunities for Action (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), 241. back
  13. Health Resources and Services Administration, National Survey of Organ Donation Attitudes and Practices, 2019 (Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2020). back
  14. Donate Life America, “Stronger Together: 2020 Annual Update” (2020). back
  15. “Become an Organ Donor,” New York State, https://www.ny.gov/services/become-organ-donor. back
  16. Daimy Van den Eede, “Gigantisch Succes: Meer Dan 26.000 Registraties voor Orgaandonatie in heel Vlaanderen” (Gigantic Success: More Than 26,000 Registrations for Organ Donation in Flanders), Het Laatste Nieuws, October 27, 2018, https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/gigantisch-succes-meer-dan-26-000-registraties-voor-orgaandonatie-in-heel-vlaanderen~af353bba/. back
  17. Section Belgian Transplant Coordinators, “Donor & Transplant Statistics 2018” (2018), https://www.transplant.be/assets/bts_-_donor_and_transplant_statistics_2018. back
  18. Gina Kolata, “Families Are Barriers to Many Organ Donations, Study Finds,” New York Times, July 7, 1995, https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/07/us/families-are-barriers-to-many-organ-donations-study-finds.html. back
  19. Ann C. Klassen and David K. Klassen, “Who Are the Donors in Organ Donation? The Family’s Perspective in Mandated Choice,” Annals of Internal Medicine 125, no. 1 (1996): 70–3. back
  20. Judd B. Kessler and Alvin E. Roth, “Don’t Take ‘No’ for an Answer: An Experiment with Actual Organ Donor Registrations” (National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. w20378, 2014), https://ssrn.com/abstract=2482141. back
  21. “How We Help and Support Donors,” Donor Care Network, https://www.donorcarenet.org/support-and-protections. back
  22. Jacob Lavee et al., “Preliminary Marked Increase in the National Organ Donation Rate in Israel Following Implementation of a New Organ Transplantation Law,” American Journal of Transplantation 13, no. 3 (2012): 780–5. back
  23. “Donazione dopo la Morte” (Donation After Death), Ministero Della Salute (Ministry of Health), http://www.trapianti.salute.gov.it/trapianti/dettaglioContenutiCnt.jsp?lingua=italiano&area=cnt&menu=cittadini&sottomenu=diventare&id=245. back
  24. Alexandra K. Glazier, “Organ Donation and the Principles of Gift Law,” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13, no. 8 (2018): 1283–4. back
  25. Rafael Matesanz and Beatriz Domínguez- Gil, “Opt- Out Legislations: The Mysterious Viability of the False,” Kidney International 95, no. 6 (2019): 1301–3. back
  26. Rafael Matesanz et al., “Spanish Experience as a Leading Country: What Kind of Measures Were Taken?” Transplant International 24, no. 4 (2011): 333– 43; Rafael Matesanz, “A Decade of Continuous Improvement in Cadaveric Organ Donation: The Spanish Model,” Nefrología 21, no. S5 (2001): 59. back
  27. “Statistics About Organ Donation,” NHS, https://www.organdonation.nhs.uk/helping-you-to-decide/about-organ-donation/statistics-about-organ-donation/. back
  28. Alexandra Glazier and Thomas Mone, “Success of Optin Organ Donation Policy in the United States,” JAMA 322, no. 8 (2019): 719–20. back
  29. Health Resources and Services Administration, National Survey of Organ Donation Attitudes and Practices, 2019. back
  30. “Find Your Local Organ Procurement Organization,” Health Resources and Services Administration, https://www.organdonor.gov/awareness/organizations/local-opo.html. back

第十四章　拯救地球

  1. Michael Burger, Jessica Wentz, and Radley Horton, “The Law and Science of Climate Change Attribution,” Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 45 (2020): 57; see also Rebecca Hersher, “Climate Change Was the Engine That Powered Hurricane Maria’s Devastating Rains,” National Public Radio, April 17, 2019, https://www.npr.org/2019/04/17/714098828/climate-change-was-the-engine-that-powered-hurricane-marias-devastating-rains. back
  2. Richard J. Lazarus, “Super Wicked Problems and Climate Change: Restraining the Present to Liberate the Future,” Cornell Law Review 94, no. 5 (2009): 1153–234. back
  3. Edna Ullmann- Margalit, The Emergence of Norms (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977). back
  4. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162, no. 3859 (1968): 1243–8. back
  5. Paul A. Samuelson, “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure,” Review of Economics and Statistics 36, no. 4 (1954): 387–9. back
  6. Robyn M. Dawes, Jeanne McTavish, and Harriet Shaklee, “Behavior, Communication, and Assumptions About Other People’s Behavior in a Commons Dilemma Situation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35, no. 1 (1977): 1– 11; R. Mark Isaac and James M. Walker, “Communication and Free-Riding Behavior: The Voluntary Contribution Mechanism,” Economic Inquiry 26, no. 4 (1988): 585–608. back
  7. James Hansen et al., “Assessing ‘Dangerous Climate Change’: Required Reduction of Carbon Emissions to Protect Young People, Future Generations and Nature,” PloS One 8, no. 12 (2013): e81648. back
  8. “China’s Environmental Abuses Fact Sheet,” U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Brazil, https://br.usembassy.gov/chinas-environmental-abuses-fact-sheet. back
  9. Linda Babcock and George Loewenstein, “Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, no. 1 (1997): 109–26. back
  10. Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter, “Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments,” American Economic Review 90, no. 4 (2000): 980–94. back
  11. William Nordhaus, “Climate Clubs: Overcoming Free- Riding in International Climate Policy,” American Economic Review 105, no. 4 (2015): 1339–70. back
  12. “Carbon Taxes II,” Initiative on Global Markets, http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/carbon-taxes-ii/. back
  13. “Carbon Taxation in Sweden,” Government Offices of Sweden, Ministry of Finance (2020), https://www.government.se/government-policy/taxes-and-tariffs/swedens-carbon-tax/. back
  14. “Carbon Taxation in Sweden,” Government Offices of Sweden. back
  15. Julius Andersson, “Cars, Carbon Taxes and CO2 Emissions” (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy working paper no. 238, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working paper no. 212, 2017), https://www.cccep.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Working-paper-212-Andersson_update_March2017.pdf. back
  16. Helga Fehr-Duda and Ernst Fehr, “Sustainability: Game Human Nature,” Nature 530 (2016): 413–5. back
  17. Robert N. Stavins, “Assessing the Energy Paradox,” Environmental Forum 32 (2015): 14, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/stavins/files/column_67.pdf. back
  18. Hunt Allcott and Michael Greenstone, “Is There an Energy Efficiency Gap?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 1 (2012): 3– 28; Hunt Allcott and Cass R. Sunstein, “Regulating Internalities,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 34, no. 3 (2015): 698–705; Renate Schubert and Marcel Stadelmann, “Energy-Using Durables—Why Consumers Refrain from Economically Optimal Choices,” Frontiers in Energy Research 3 (2015), https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2015.00007/full. back
  19. Congressional Budget Office, “Homeland Security and the Private Sector” (2004), https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/108th-congress-2003-2004/reports/12-20-homelandsecurity.pdf. back
  20. “EPCRA Milestones Through the Years,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/epcra/epcra-milestones-through-years. back
  21. Archon Fung and Dara O’Rourke, “Reinventing Environmental Regulation from the Grassroots Up: Explaining and Expanding the Success of the Toxics Release Inventory,” Environmental Management 25 (2000): 115–27. back
  22. James T. Hamilton, Regulation Through Revelation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005). back
  23. “What We Do,” CDP, https://www.cdp.net/en/info/about-us/what-we-do. back
  24. “With #Alpha, 2020 Atlantic Tropical Storm Names Go Greek,” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://www.noaa.gov/news/with-alpha-2020-atlantic-tropical-storm-names-go-greek#:~:text=Having%20reached%20the%20end%20of,by%20the%20World%20Meteorological%20Organization. back
  25. Felix Ebeling and Sebastian Lotz, “Domestic Uptake of Green Energy Promoted by Opt- Out Tariffs,” Nature Climate Change 5 (2015): 868–71. back
  26. Micha Kaiser et al., “The Power of Green Defaults: The Impact of Regional Variation of Opt-Out Tariffs on Green Energy Demand in Germany,” Ecological Economics 174 (2020): 106685. back
  27. Robert Walton, “Home Energy Reports: Still the ‘Biggest, Baddest Way’ to Drive Customer Behavior,” Utility Dive, July 10, 2019, https://www.utilitydive.com/news/home-energy-reports-still-the-biggest-baddest-way-to-drive-customer-beh/558166/. back
  28. Hunt Allcott and Todd Rogers, “The Short-Run and Long-Run Effects of Behavioral Interventions: Experimental Evidence from Energy Conservation,” American Economic Review 104, no. 10 (2014): 3003–37. back
  29. Benjamin Goldstein, Dimitrios Gounaridis, and Joshua P. Newell, “The Carbon Footprint of Household Energy Use in the United States,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 32 (2020): 19122–30. back

第十五章　反對意見

  1. 對於某些反對推力的意見，更多討論請見：Richard H. Thaler, Misbehaving (2015); Cass R. Sunstein, Why Nudge? (2014); and Cass R. Sunstein, How Change Happens (2019). back
  2. James B. Stewart, “How Broccoli Landed on Supreme Court Menu,” New York Times, June 13, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/business/how-broccoli-became-a-symbol-in-the-health-care-debate.html. back
  3. Richard H. Thaler, “Slippery-Slope Logic, Applied to Health Care,” New York Times, May 12, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/business/economy/slippery-slope-logic-vs-health-care-law-economic-view.html; 也可參見：Henry L. Tischler, Introduction to Sociology, 11th ed. (Boston: Cengage Learning, 2013), 261. back
  4. Thaler, “Slippery-Slope Logic, Applied to Health Care.” back
  5. “Women in the U.S. Congress 2020,” Center for American Women and Politics, https://cawp.rutgers.edu/women-us-congress-2020. back
  6. Glen Whitman, “The Rise of the New Paternalism,” Cato Unbound, https://www.cato-unbound.org/2010/04/05/glen-whitman/rise-new-paternalism. back
  7. Ralph Hertwig and Till Grüne- Yanoff, “Nudging and Boosting: Steering or Empowering Good Decisions,” Perspectives on Psychology Science 12, no. 6 (2017): 973–86. back
  8. Gerd Gigerenzer, “On the Supposed Evidence for Libertarian Paternalism,” Review of Philosophy and Psychology 6, no. 3 (2015): 361–83. back
  9. Daniel Fernandes, John G. Lynch, and Richard G. Netemeyer, “Financial Literacy, Financial Education, and Downstream Financial Behaviors,” Management Science 60, no. 8 (2014): 1861. back
  10. Edward Glaeser, “Paternalism and Psychology” University of Chicago Law Review 73, no. 1 (2006): 133–56. back
  11. Hendrik Bruns et al., “Can Nudges Be Transparent and Yet Effective?” Journal of Economic Psychology 65 (2018): 41–59, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2816227; George Loewenstein et al., “Warning: You Are About to Be Nudged,” Behavioral Science and Policy Association 1, no. 1 (2015): 35–42. back
  12. Craig R. M. McKenzie, Michael J. Liersch, and Stacey R. Finkelstein, “Recommendations Implicit in Policy Defaults,” Psychological Science 17, no. 5 (2006): 414–20. back
  13. Anne Barnhill, “What Is Manipulation?” in Manipulation: Theory and Practice, ed. Christian Coons and Michael Weber (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014): 51– 72. Barnhill自己的說法更為微妙。 back
  14. Cass R. Sunstein, The Ethics of Influence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016). back
  15. 請見：Cass R. Sunstein, The Ethics of Influence; and Cass R. Sunstein and Lucia Reisch, Trusting Nudges (New York: Routledge, 2019). back
  16. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971). back
  17. 請見：Sunstein and Reisch, Trusting Nudges. back
  18. Cooling-Off Period for Door-to-Door Sales, 37 Fed. Reg. 22934 (October 26, 1972; to be codified at 16 CFR 425). back
  19. 舉例來說，請見：Cal. Fam. Code §2339(a) (requiring a six-month waiting period before a divorce decree becomes final); Conn. Gen. Stat. §46b67(a) (requiring a ninety-day waiting period before the court may proceed on a divorce complaint). 關於整體的討論，請見：Elizabeth S. Scott, “Rational Decision Making About Marriage and Divorce,” Virginia Law Review 76 (1992): 9–94. back
  20. Camerer et al., “Regulation for Conservatives.” back
  21. George Loewenstein and Nick Chater, “Putting Nudges in Perspective,” Behavioural Public Policy 1, no. 1 (2017): 26–53. back
  22. John Chalmers, Olivia S. Mitchell, Jonathan Reuter, and Mingli Zhong, “Auto-Enrollment Retirement Plans for the People: Choices and Outcomes in OregonSaves” (National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. w28469, 2021), https://www.nber.org/papers/w28469. back
  23. One of us discusses these issues in detail in Cass R. Sunstein, “Behavioral Welfare Economics,” Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 11, no. 2 (2020): 196–220. back